| Zener cards were developed and designed
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| | implemented as testing progressed
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| by Karl Zener, a Swiss Psychologist, and
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| | including the use of partitions and
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| his associate J.B Rhine, at Duke
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| | separate rooms for the tester and
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| University during the 1930's, to test an
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| | subject. This ensured that the chance of
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| individual's psychic abilities or ESP
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| | cheating would be minimized.
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| (Extra Sensory Perception). Zener cards
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| | The analysis of the tests outcome was
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| can test many types of psychic abilities
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| | based on pure statistics. As the deck was
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| including the ability to perceive objects
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| | constructed of 5 different cards the
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| or events that already exist or have
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| | overall probability of getting the
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| occurred, but are not known to you
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| | correct answer by chance would be 1 in 5
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| (clairvoyance); your ability to see the
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| | or 20%. Several tests were conducted to
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| future (precognition); and the ability to
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| | approach a normal distribution and
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| transfer thoughts or feelings via a
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| | eliminate any significant chance for
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| medium other then the 5 senses
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| | statistical anomalies to affect the
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| (telepathy).
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| | results significantly. For example: on
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| The deck consisted of 25 cards made up of
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| | one test set an individual guesses 50%
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| 5 subsets of identical cards. The
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| | correct but on the next 6 test sets the
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| pictures on the 5 cards consisted of a
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| | individual averages 10% this would
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| cross, waved lines, a hollow circle, a
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| | identify the first test as being
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| hollow star, and a hollow square. The
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| | anomalous and either thrown out or
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| cards were originally made out of a
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| | averaged in with the other six tests
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| flimsy material. This material was later
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| | diminishing its statistical impact. For
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| determined to be biased due to its
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| | example the 6 runs at 10% would be 85.7%
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| translucence which allowed individuals to
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| | of the weight in the average and the 50%
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| see the shapes through the cards. So,
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| | would be 14.3% of the average so 10 *
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| subsequent decks utilized a thicker card
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| | .857=8.57 + 50*.143=7.15%= an avg. of
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| stock to eliminate the bias and lend
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| | 15.72% accuracy. To be considered to have
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| credibility to the statistical data.
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| | ESP one would have to continually score
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| The test for clairvoyance consisted of
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| | higher than 25% on the Zener card test to
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| the person conducting the test, subject
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| | be statistically significant.
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| being tested, and third party witnesses.
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| | In conclusion Zener and Rhine especially
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| The experimenter shuffled the deck of
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| | Rhine and his wife are considered to be
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| cards then selected a card in the deck
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| | the founders of modern day
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| looked at it asked the subject what it
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| | Para-Psychology and Karl Zener considered
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| was and recorded the data until the
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| | the inventor of the Zener cards which to
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| entire deck had been exhausted. In
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| | this day are still used to test for
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| addition further controls were
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| | psychic abilities.
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