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On The Origins Of The Psychic Abilities Test And Zener Cards

Zener cards were developed and designed implemented as testing progressed
by Karl Zener, a Swiss Psychologist, and including the use of partitions and
his associate J.B Rhine, at Duke separate rooms for the tester and
University during the 1930's, to test an subject. This ensured that the chance of
individual's psychic abilities or ESP cheating would be minimized.
(Extra Sensory Perception). Zener cards The analysis of the tests outcome was
can test many types of psychic abilities based on pure statistics. As the deck was
including the ability to perceive objects constructed of 5 different cards the
or events that already exist or have overall probability of getting the
occurred, but are not known to you correct answer by chance would be 1 in 5
(clairvoyance); your ability to see the or 20%. Several tests were conducted to
future (precognition); and the ability to approach a normal distribution and
transfer thoughts or feelings via a eliminate any significant chance for
medium other then the 5 senses statistical anomalies to affect the
(telepathy). results significantly. For example: on
The deck consisted of 25 cards made up of one test set an individual guesses 50%
5 subsets of identical cards. The correct but on the next 6 test sets the
pictures on the 5 cards consisted of a individual averages 10% this would
cross, waved lines, a hollow circle, a identify the first test as being
hollow star, and a hollow square. The anomalous and either thrown out or
cards were originally made out of a averaged in with the other six tests
flimsy material. This material was later diminishing its statistical impact. For
determined to be biased due to its example the 6 runs at 10% would be 85.7%
translucence which allowed individuals to of the weight in the average and the 50%
see the shapes through the cards. So, would be 14.3% of the average so 10 *
subsequent decks utilized a thicker card .857=8.57 + 50*.143=7.15%= an avg. of
stock to eliminate the bias and lend 15.72% accuracy. To be considered to have
credibility to the statistical data. ESP one would have to continually score
The test for clairvoyance consisted of higher than 25% on the Zener card test to
the person conducting the test, subject be statistically significant.
being tested, and third party witnesses. In conclusion Zener and Rhine especially
The experimenter shuffled the deck of Rhine and his wife are considered to be
cards then selected a card in the deck the founders of modern day
looked at it asked the subject what it Para-Psychology and Karl Zener considered
was and recorded the data until the the inventor of the Zener cards which to
entire deck had been exhausted. In this day are still used to test for
addition further controls were psychic abilities.




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